GUIDE TO PREPARING BIBLIOGRAPHY / WORKS CITED When doing research and writing a report, it is always necessary to name the source(s) of your information. This list of sources is called a bibliography / works cited. A bibliography should be listed alphabetically. The second line of an entry should be indented. Skip a line after each entry.
APA, Harvard System or Chicago Style are the citation styles commonly preferred for NSW Department of Education referencing. You should ask your teacher which style of referencing is required and use that style of referencing throughout your assignment.
APA In Text Citations APA cite sources within a paper by using parenthetical, in-text references. APA uses the author’s last name and the year of publication. If a direct quote is used, APA requires author’s name, year, and page number. The examples below are based on an excerpt from page 39 of French author Fifi LaRue’s autobiography, My Fabulous Life, which was published in 1969.
Excerpt: Paris in 1920 was simply exquisite! I embarked on my writing career that year and began building my reputation for letters among the Paris intelligentsia. Oooh la la! Fifi loved Paris and Paris loved her back, passionately and with wild abandon. I fondly remember 1920 as “L’anné Merveilleuse de Fifi.”
Paraphrase or non-quoted reference Fifi’s life was always flamboyant, but she remarked once that the year 1920 was her most marvelous year (LaRue, 1969).
Author’s name mentioned in the sentence Fifi LaRue (1969) remarked in her autobiography that she looked fondly on the year 1920 as one of the most remarkable of her life.
Direct quote Fifi remarked in her autobiography, “I fondly remember 1920 as ‘L’anné Merveilleuse de Fifi’” (LaRue, 1969, p. 39). LaRue (1969, p. 39) remarked in her autobiography, “I fondly remember 1920 as ‘L’anné Merveilleuse de Fifi.’”
The basic format for a book citation requires listing the author's name, the title of the book, the publisher's name, and the date of publication. Edited books, when cited in full, will list the editor's name instead of an author’s name.
Sample APA Bibliography Becsey, L., Wachsberger, P., Samuels, S., et al (Directors). (2008). In the valley of Elah. [DVD]. Warner Home Video. Ginsberg, J. P., Ayers, E., Burriss, L., & Powell, D. A. (2008). Discriminative delay Pavlovian eye-blink conditioning in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 809-823. https://doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.009 Glantz, A. (2009). The war comes home: Washington's battle against America's veterans. University of California Press. Jakupcak, M., Luterek, J., Hunt, S., Conybeare, D., & McFall, M. (2008). Post-traumatic stress and its relationship to physical health functioning in a sample of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans seeking post-deployment VA health care. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 425-428. Jensen, G. & Wiest, A. A. (2001). War in the age of technology myriad faces of modern armed conflict. New York University Press. Killgore, W. D. S., Cotting, D. I., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., McGurk, D., Vo, A. H., et al. (2008). Post-combat invincibility: Violent combat experiences are associated with increased risk-taking propensity following deployment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(13), 1112-1121. https://doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.001 Paulson, D. S., & Krippner, S. (2007). Haunted by combat : Understanding PTSD in war veterans including women, reservists, and those coming back from Iraq. Praeger Security International. Tanielian, T. L., Jaycox, L., & Rand Corporation. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Rand. United States. Congress. House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia. (2007). Working in a war zone: Post traumatic stress disorder in civilians returning from Iraq. G.P.O. Van Winkle, C. (2009). Soft spots: A marine's memoir of combat and post-traumatic stress disorder. St. Martin's Press.
Harvard Citations Overview The Harvard referencing style is a popular style using the author-date system for in-text citations. Students use in-text citations to indicate the specific parts of their paper that were paraphrased or quoted directly from a source.
Each in-text citation generally displays the last name of the author and the year the source was published. The in-text citation is usually located at the end of the quoted or paraphrased sentence. EGs. Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy is often revealed in the story, often in simple phrases such as, “... he turned toward her with a rush of emotion” (Fitzgerald, 2004).
If the author’s name is already used in the body of the text, then students should exclude it from the in-text citation. Example: Fitzgerald’s use of “old sport” throughout the novel suggests that Gatsby considered Nick Carraway a close friend (2004).
Here is another example that cites a book with one author using Harvard style. In-text citation
.....(Neville 2010) or Neville (2010, p. 25) stated that.....
Bibliography List
Neville, C (2010), The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, New York.
In-text citation: It consists mainly of the authors' last name and the year of publication (and page numbers if it is directly quoted) in round brackets placed within the text. If there is no discernible author, the title and date are used.
Bibliography/Reference list: The reference list should be ordered alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each work. References with no author are ordered alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Use only the initials of the authors' given names. No full stop and space between the initials. Last name comes first.
The key difference between APA and Harvard referencing is that APA referencing style is mainly used to cite education, social and behavioral science related academic work whereas Harvard Referencing style is mainly used for academic scientific writing.
Chicago (Turabian) style Citations Overview
The Chicago Style was developed by the University of Chicago. It presents two basic documentation systems: notes-bibliography and author-date. The notes-bibliography system is used by mainly by humanities, including those in literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is preferred by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In-text citation: Notes-bibliography consists of two parts: a number in the text and a note either at the bottom of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote). Notes are numbered sequentially beginning with 1., throughout each article, chapter, or paper. The numbers in the text must be in superscript and should follow the punctuation. The note should have a normal, full sized number. Author-date consists of the author's last name and the year of publication of the work cited. No punctuation is used between the name and the date. Bibliography/Reference list:The reference list should be ordered alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each work. References with no author are ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Here is an example that cites a book with one author using Chicago style.
In-text citation (note-bibliography)
.....1 1.Colin Neville, Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2nd ed. (New York: Open University Press, 2010), 25. .....12 12. Neville, Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, 5
WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
FOR A BOOK:
Book with a SINGLE AUTHOR
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s). If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not need to be included in the citation. Example: One author AND first edition: Patterson, J. (2005). Maximum ride. New York: Little, Brown. Example: One author AND NOT the first edition Dahl, R. (2004). Charlie and the chocolate factory. 6th ed. New York: Knopf.
If you only used part of a book:
Fogle, Bruce. 2001, Training Your Dog. New York: DK Publishing, pp. 50-55. Book with an EDITOR instead of an author Smith, Duane, ed. 1999, Harper’s Anthology of 20th Century Native American Poetry. New York: Harper & Row When there are multiple works by the same author, place the citations in order by year. When sources are published in the same year, place them in alphabetical order by the title. Example: Brown, D. (1998). Digital fortress. New York: St. Martin's Press. Brown, D. (2003). Deception point. New York: Atria Books. Brown, D. (2003). The Da Vinci code. New York: Doubleday.
Book with TWO or more AUTHORS or EDITORS If there are multiple sources by the same author, then citations are listed in order by the date of publication. When creating a citation that has more than one author, place the names in the order in which they appear on the source. Use the word “and” to separate the names. Last name, First initial. and Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s). Example: Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling Kindersley, p.156. Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448. Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student teaching guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, pp.145-151. * remember, when citing a book, only include the edition if it is NOT the first edition! When citing a chapter in an edited book, use the following format: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In: First initial. Last name, ed., Book Title, 1st ed.* City: Publisher, Page(s). Bressler, L. (2010). My girl, Kylie. In: L. Matheson, ed., The Dogs That We Love, 1st ed. Boston: Jacobson Ltd., pp. 78-92. * When citing a chapter in an edited book, the edition is displayed, even when it is the first edition.
Book with NO KNOWN AUTHOR
The Story of Greece. 2003, Minneapolis: Lerner Publications A WORK in an ANTHOLOGY (or collection of works) Williams, Tennessee. 2000, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof." Four Plays. Ed. Thomas Jones. New York: Brown Publishers,. 83-93.
FOR Ebooks and PDFs:
When citing eBooks and PDFs, include the edition, even if it’s the first edition, and follow it with the type of resource in brackets (either [ebook] or [pdf]). Include the url at the end of the citation with the date it was accessed in brackets. Use the following structure: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. [format] City: Publisher, page(s). Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Zusack, M. (2015). The Book Thief. 1st ed. [ebook] New York: Knopf. Available at: http://ebooks.nypl.org/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015]. Robin, J. (2014). A handbook for professional learning: research, resources, and strategies for implementation. 1st ed. [pdf] New York: NYC Department of Education. Available at http://schools.nyc.gov/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2015].
FOR AN ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE :
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. In: Encyclopedia title, Edition. City published: Publisher, page(s). Example: Harding, E. (2010). Anteaters. In: The International Encyclopedia of Animals, 3rd ed. New York: Reference World, p. 39.
FOR A DICTIONARY ENTRY:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In: Dictionary Title, Edition. City: Publisher, page. When citing a dictionary entry found online, use the following structure: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In: Dictionary Title, Edition. City: Publisher, page. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. **If no author/editor/or contributor is given, omit it from the citation. **If the publishing year is unavailable, use the abbreviation n.d., which stands for no date Examples: Sporadic (1993). In: Webstin Dictionary, 8th ed. New York: Webstin LLC, page 223. Reference. (n.d.) In: Merriam-Webster [online] Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reference [Accessed 12 Dec. 2014].
FOR A MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLE:
For Print Newspaper Articles When citing a newspaper, use the following structure: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, Page(s). Example: Weisman, J. (2015). Deal Reached on Fast-Track Authority for Obama on Trade Accord. The New York Times, p.A1.
To cite a newspaper found either on a database or a website, use the following structure: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, [online] pages. Available at: url [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Example: Harris, E. (2015). For Special-Needs Students, Custom Furniture Out of Schoolhouse Scraps. New York Times, [online] p.A20. Available at: http://go.galegroup.com [Accessed 17 Apr. 2015]. Don’t forget, Cite This For Me allows you to generate Harvard reference citations for newspapers quickly and easily.
Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Magazines When citing magazines, use the following structure: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine, (Volume), Page(s). Example: Davidson, J. (2008). Speak her language. Men’s Health, (23), pp.104-106.
FOR RELIGIOUS TEXTS:
To cite any type of religious text, such as the Bible, Torah, Quran, use the following format: Title (Year published). City published: Publisher, pages used. Example: New American Standard Bible, (1998). Anaheim: Foundation Publications, Inc, pp.332-340. Don’t forget, Cite This For Me allows you to generate Harvard reference citations for religious texts quickly and easily.
FOR REPORTS:
When citing a report, use the following format: Last name, First Initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published). Title. [online] City published: Publisher, Pages used. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Example: Certify, (2015). First Quarter, 2015 Business Expense Trends. [online] Portland: Certify, p.2. Available at: http://www.certify.com/CertifySpendSmartReport.aspx [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].
FOR PRESENTATIONS AND LECTURES:
To cite a presentation or lecture, use the following structure: Last name, First initial. (Year) Presentation Title. Example: Valenza, J. (2014). Librarians and Social Capital.
FOR BLOGS:
Blogs are regularly updated webpages that are generally run by an individual. When citing a blog post, use the following format: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Post title. [Blog] Blog name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Example: Cohen, M. (2013). Re-election Is Likely for McConnell, but Not Guaranteed. [Blog] FiveThirtyEight. Available at: http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/re-election-is-likely-for-mcconnell-but-not-guaranteed/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2015].
FOR PODCASTS:
Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published) Episode title. [podcast]. Podcast title. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Example: Provenzano, N. (2012). #NerdyCast Episode 5. [podcast]. #NerdyCast. Available at: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/nerdycast/id514797904?mt=2 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2014].
FOR A WEBSITE:
When citing a website, use the following structure: Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. When no author is listed, use the following structure: Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Example: Messer, L. (2015). 'Fancy Nancy' Optioned by Disney Junior. [online] ABC News. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/fancy-nancy-optioned-disney-junior-2017/story?id=29942496#.VRWbWJwmbs0.twitter [Accessed 31 Mar. 2015]. Mms.com, (2015). M&M'S Official Website. [online] Available at: http://www.mms.com/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].
FOR AN INTERNET ADDRESS:
When citing journal articles found on a database or through a website, include all of the components found in a citation of a print journal, but also include the medium ([online]), the website URL, and the date that the article was accessed. Structure: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article Title. Journal, [online] Volume(Issue), pages. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Example: Raina, S. (2015). Establishing Correlation Between Genetics and Nonresponse. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, [online] Volume 61(2), p. 148. Available at: http://www.proquest.com/products-services/ProQuest-Research-Library.html [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].
FOR AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS:
For film:
Film title. (Year published). [Format] Place of origin: Film maker. **The place of origin refers to the place where the dvd, film, or video was made. Eg: Hollywood **The film maker can be the director, studio, or main producer. Example: Girls Just Want To Have Fun. (1985). [film] Chicago: Alan Metter. For Broadcasts
To cite a radio or tv broadcast, use the following structure: Series title, (Year published). [Type of Programme] Channel number: Broadcaster. Examples: Modern Family, (2010). [TV programme] 6: Abc. The Preston and Steve Morning Show (2012). [Radio Programme] 93.3: WMMR.
FOR IMAGES or VIDEO FOUND ELECTRONICALLY:
Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author. (Year published). Title/description. [format] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Examples: Williams, A. (2013). DJ Gear. [image] Available at: https://flic.kr/p/fbPZyV [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015]. 7UP (2015). 7UP Team Up Tiesto. [video]. Available at: https://youtu.be/TMZqgEgy_Xg [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].
FOR A SOFTWARE:
Title or Name of Software. (Year Published). Place or city where the software was written: Company or publisher. Example: Espanol. (2010). Arlington: Rosetta Stone.
FOR AN INTERVIEW:
Last name of Interviewer, First initial. and Last name of Interviewee, First initial. (Year of Interview). Title or Description of Interview. Example Booker, C. and Lopez, J. (2014). Getting to know J. Lo.
FOR GOVERNMENT :
Government Agency OR Last name, First Initial., (Year published). Title of Document or Article. City published: Publisher, Page(s). Examples: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, (2012). BicyclePA Routes. Harrisburg: PENNDOT, p.1.
Your finished bibliography should be alphabetized by the first word of the entry, and will look something like this:
BIBLIOGRAPHY/WORKS CITED
Bizet’s Dream. Videotape. New York: Sony Wonder, 1998. Clark, William W. "Gothic Art." World Book Encyclopedia. 2002. Volume 8, pp. 284-286. DiStefano, Vince. "Guidelines for Better Writing." http://www.usa.net/~vinced/home/better-writing.html, October 5, 2002. Fogle, Bruce. Training Your Dog. New York: DK Publishing, 2001, pp. 50-55. "Golden Retriever." World Book Encyclopedia. 1999. Volume 8, p.255. McGill, Kristy. "A Baltic Scramble." Faces. May, 2003, p. 27. "Titanic Disaster." Encarta 99 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1999. Watson, Cosmo. Personal interview. July 29, 2003.
USING FOOTNOTES In-text footnotes are used to:
Indicate the source of a fact, opinion or quotation
Provide additional or explanatory material
Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page. Footnote numbers should continue consecutively throughout the essay or piece of work.
FIRST FOOTNOTE REFERENCE for books, articles, pamphlets, audiovisual sources, Internet sources, CD ROMs: Use the same format as for a Bibliography, but add page number or numbers (p. or pp.) after other information. Example:
Schlegel, N. Research and Study Skills Guide for Senior Students, Burwood, Vic. : Beri Publishing, 1990 p. 34
SUBSEQUENT FOOTNOTE REFERENCES After the first footnote reference it is not necessary to repeat all the information in other references to the same work. If a footnote refers to the same work (eg. book, article, Internet site etc.) as the footnote before, use ibid. (ibid is the abbreviation of ibidem and means 'in the same place'.). If the footnote refers to a different page or volume of the same work, this information follows ibid. and a comma. Example:
Schlegel, N. Research and Study Skills Guide for Senior Students. Burwood, Vic. : Beri Publishing, 1990 p. 34(first reference in footnote)
Ibid. (same work and page as in footnote immediately preceding)
Ibid., pp. 35-36 (same work as footnote immediately preceding, but different pages)
op. cit. (op.cit. is an abbreviation of opere citato that means 'in the work quoted'.) after the author's surname may be used when referring to a work already used, but not in the immediately preceding footnote.
Example: Schlegel, op. cit., p. 69 (same work as previously cited, but not in footnote immediately preceding) 5. Clark, William W. "Gothic Art." World Book Encyclopedia. 2002. Volume 8, pp. 285-286.
NB: ibid. and op. cit. and any other abbreviations should be presented in normal type and always start with a lower case letter, even when they appear at the beginning of a note.
NB: For Internet, audio-visual and CD ROM sources, no page numbers can be given because the text isn't divided into pages.
An example of footnote referencing
Camperdown1 Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most historically significant cemeteries2. The cemetery contains the remains of many influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a cemetery3. A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the estate of Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on September 23, 18484. The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate, was originally part of the 240-acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the colony of New South Wales5. The cemetery served as one of Sydney's principal burial grounds from its opening, in 1849, until 18676. After the land was bequeathed a trust company was formed: the Sydney Church of England Cemetery Company. Two hundred shares were offered at £10 each and the area was consecrated on January 16, 18497. It is of historical interest that the first interment was that of Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, the man whose estate donated the land for the cemetery. Sir Maurice O'Connell was buried in the Town Hall Cemetery after his death on May 25, 1848. After the consecration of the cemetery his remains were exhumed and re-interred in the new Camperdown Cemetery8. Note: In a longer piece of writing the difference between footnotes and endnotes would be more obvious than it appears here. The footnotes referring to each page would reside at the bottom of that page while endnotes for every reference in the whole piece of writing would reside at the completion point of that text.
1 Flello, J. (unpub.) A Survey of Camperdown Cemetery. 2 C. Lucas. State Heritage, State Heritage Inventory - Item View, http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/herit/item.html (updated 10 December, 1999, accessed 10 May, 1999). 3 P.W. Gledhill, Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, Newtown, 1927, p.1. 4 ibid. 5 M. King, Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, Newtown, 1934, p.8. 6 ibid., p. 4. 7 Gledhill, op. cit., p. 1. 8 King, op. cit., p. 20.
Note If the footnotes in your document are numbered incorrectly, your document may contain tracked changes. Accept the tracked changes so that Word will correctly number the footnotes and endnotes.
On the References tab, in the Footnotes group, click Insert Footnote or Insert Endnote.
Keyboard shortcut To insert a subsequent footnote, press CTRL+ALT+F. To insert a subsequent endnote, press CTRL+ALT+D. By default, Word places footnotes at the end of each page and endnotes at the end of the document.
To make changes to the format of footnotes or endnotes, click the Footnotes Dialog Box Launcher, and do one of the following:
In the Number format box, click the format that you want.
To use a custom mark instead of a traditional number format, click Symbol next to Custom mark, and then choose a mark from the available symbols.
Click Insert.
Note This will not change the existing symbols. It will only add new ones. Word inserts the note number and places the insertion point next to the note number.
Type the note text.
Double-click the footnote or endnote number to return to the reference mark in the document.